Title I (Part A) is the largest federal program in K-12 education, funded at more than $11 billion in the 2003-04 school year. In the 1998-99 school year, the most recent year for which data has been released, 13,081 districts and 46,656 schools received Title I funds.
Several smaller programs, including literacy programs and migrant education, are grouped under the Title I umbrella in terms of how the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) is structured, and there are administrative ties between the programs in most states and districts. But the main Title I program, the program that is generally thought of as “Title I,†is Part A, which sends money to school districts based on Census counts of children from low-income families and children in several smaller categories, such as foster children and those living in correctional institutions.
The money is intended to improve the quality of education in high-poverty schools and/or give extra help to struggling students. Districts generally must serve schools with the highest poverty rates first and give them proportionately more funding.
Many Title I schools focus supplementary services on specific children. Within a school, children are selected based on educational need, usually according to test scores. Schools most frequently provide extra instruction in reading or mathematics, sometimes outside regular school hours. Title I can also fund such services as counseling or preschool programs; schools are required to spend some money on parent involvement activities and professional development for teachers and paraprofessionals.
Schools with at least 40 percent poor children (or fewer, with a waiver) can operate “schoolwide programs,†using their funding — in combination with other federal funds, if desired — to upgrade the entire school. Since the 1994 ESEA reauthorization dropped the threshold from 75 percent to 50 percent, the number of schoolwide programs has burgeoned from about 3,200 to more than 19,000.
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